PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — E. K. Piotrovskaya. REVIEW OF THE BOOK: “THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN CONSTANTINOPLE IN THE LIGHT OF THE BYZANTINE SOURCES”

1879 became a major turning point in German foreign policy: the defensive alliance treaty was signed with Austria-Hungary against Russia. German chancellor Otto von Bismarck justified this step among other things by the supposed “Russian threat”. He also often spoke on this matter during the subsequent decade. But did Bismarck really believe the existence of such a threat or just used it as a cover-up? To answer this question, we need to examine the overall image of Russia in Bismarck’s worldview. The author of this article analyzed the whole set of published works of Otto von Bismarck using primarily the Grounded Theory methodology. Main outcome of this research was a complex reconstruction of Bismarck’s views and opinions about Russia. Since early 1860s the “Iron Chancellor” had growing concerns about inner development of Russian empire. He did not only regard Russian officials incompetent and corrupt but also believed the existence of a large and powerful liberal and nationalist opposition in Russian elite. Bismarck found the strength of this opposition steadily growing, making it dangerous for the Russian emperor and forming a sort of “parallel government”. The existence of this “muscovite” elite grouping led not only to destabilization inside of Russia but also heavily impacted the Russian foreign policy making it inconsistent and aggressive. Bismarck’s notions of Russian domestic and foreign policy, reflected in hundreds of texts stretched over decades, constitute a coherent unity. The main finding is that during the 1880s the “Iron Chancellor” really believed that Russia posed a threat to Germany.