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PHJ № 3 (47) 2025 — A. K. Salmin. THE ARAB FACTORS IN THE HISTORY OF THE SAVIRS

The history of the Savirs/Suvars, historical predecessors of the Chuvash, has seen several forced migrations of this people compelled to leave their settlements hastily. Thus, in the North Caucasian period (in 737) they lived through a scary invasion of Arab armed forces and had to move farther north. Goals of the article: to analyse sources and literature; show the drama in the life of the Savirs; get to the root cause of the Arab aggression upon the Turks; describe the stubborn resistance of the native population and the end of the warfare. Among them are the 11th century Persian literary monument “Derbent-name” by Muhammad Avabi Aktashi, and the works of Armenian and Arabic-speaking historians of the early Middle Ages. We got an insight into publications of leading orientalist historians, archeologists, ethnologists, and religion scholars. Those were works of such researchers as A. K. Alikberov, N. I. Ashmarin, O. M. & Sh. O. Davudovs, M. S. Gadzhiev, Anait Khudaverdian, A. K. Shahinyan, Peter Golden, and others. The article has traced and analyzed the advance of Arabs through Caucasus from South to North. The goal of this military campaign was to spread the religion of Islam on the conquered lands and to expand the economic influence of the Umayyads. The Arab-Khazar-Savir war in 737 brought the history of the Country of the Suvars with the capital in Varachan to a close, and people of this country were forced to move North.

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PHJ № 3 (47) 2025 — A. A. Antonov. VIRTUES OF ANCIENT GREEK PHYSICIANS ACCORDING TO HELLENISTIC EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES FROM ASIA MINOR AND THE AEGEAN ISLANDS

The article’s focus is on the dearth of research concerning the virtues of ancient Greek physicians. It is customary for researchers to ascertain the moral and ethical qualities of a physician by referring to the Hippocratic corpus. Therefore, the opinion expressed is that of a medical practitioner, as determined by the relevant physician. In contrast to medical literature, honorary decrees illustrate the socially approved qualities of physicians from the perspective of the general citizenry, rather than that of professional colleagues. The virtues enumerated in the honorary decrees bestowed upon physicians align with the principles of an ideal citizen, embodying tangible, rather than abstract, philosophical or purely professional attributes of a physician. The present paper explores the virtues of physicians in a context of the common civic virtues attributed to the euergetes of the Hellenistic era. As demonstrated in the paper, physicians were attributed the same virtues as philanthropists and politicians. Concurrently, the decrees exhibit a paucity of special professional virtues; the prevailing emphasis is on “medical art” as it is the primary virtue of a physician. Consequently, the honorary decrees illustrate the physician as a constituent of the polis collective, and the most accomplished physicians are distinguished by the same qualities as political leaders — kalokagathia, zeal, and ambition.

PHJ № 2 (46) 2025 — V. I. Bezruchenko. THE EXPULSION OF THE SERBS FROM SARAJEVO IN 1992–1995

The subject of the article is the fate of the Serb community in Sarajevo during the 1992–1995 civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The article is based on documents from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the archives of the Centre for the Study of War, War Crimes and the Search for Missing Persons in Republika Srpska, as well as documents and materials from the International Independent Commission to Investigate the Plight of Serbs in Sarajevo 1992–1995. The Serb community in Sarajevo, which has existed for centuries, became the target of terror by armed groups and the Democratic Action Party of the President of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, A. Izetbegovic. A. Izetbegovic’s regime carried out the ethnic cleansing of Sarajevo, as a result of which the pre-war Serb community virtually disappeared.

PHJ № 2 (46) 2025 — I. A. Tsverianashvili. THE ECOLOGISATION OF SWEDEN AFTER WORLD WAR II: PROBLEMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

This article examines the genesis of the ecologisation process, which began to be actively implemented in the country in the late 1940s. If the pre-war period was characterized by the absence of a unified environmental policy, an upsurge in the activity of the Swedish public and intellectuals in the country’s environmental problems and environmental issues, but after the 1940s in Sweden begins the formation of an environmental vector in the internal policy, which was supported by a high level of attention from the public and state institutions. The range of environmental problems has grown, Swedish scientists and researchers gave traditions of environmental education. Public environmental associations, movements, and unions began to appear in large quantities, the vector of national environmental policy was finally formed. The main idea of this article is considered for the first time in Russian historiography and is intended to introduce it into the range of issues in the study of Scandinavian studies. The importance and relevance of this topic is underlined by Sweden’s current role as a leader in European environmental policy.

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PHJ №1 (45) 2025 — L. A. Gerd. PAUL ANDERSON AND HIS VISIT TO PALESTINE IN 1923

The properties of the Russian institutions in the Holy Land before the First World War belonged to the Russian Government, The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission. During the British administration of Palestine (1917–1948) they were a subject of endless discussions. Both the Russian emigrant organizations (the Palestine Society abroad and the Ecclesiastical Mission, subject to the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad) on one side, and the Soviet Government on the other side pretended to be legal owners of the properties. The administration of the mandate took the responsibility over the Russian properties, rented them out and used the money for supporting the Russians in Jerusalem and for maintenance of the buildings. The British authorities put the issue on a solid law base and did not admit to the administration either the Soviet representatives, or the Russian emigrants. The correspondence about the visit to Palestine in Summer 1923 of Paul Anderson, member of the Young Christian men’s organization, famous for his activities among the Russian emigrants, contributes to the picture of the complicated relations between the Palestine Society and the British administration. The documents on Anderson’s visit are of primary importance for the history of the Palestine Society abroad and its contacts in the 1920s. They are a logical supplement to the series of attempts of the Society to restore its legal status in Palestine, which it undertook during the whole period of the British Mandate.

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PHJ №1 (45) 2025 — L. V. Antonova. EXHIBITIONS IN LONDON IN THE CONTEXT OF BRITISH FOOD CULTURE OF THE LAST THIRD OF THE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

The article, based on materials from international, colonial and national exhibitions in London, examines the culinary preferences of the British, their habits of preparing and consuming food in the last third of the 19th — early 20th centuries. At that time, visiting exhibitions, in the organization of which Britain had the most advanced experience, was a popular pastime for Londoners and tourists and necessarily included a “culinary program”. At the exhibitions of the turn of the century, visitors could try dishes prepared from colonial products, buy oriental spices, alcoholic beverages, fruits and various exotic delicacies. A large selection of restaurants, coffee shops and inexpensive eateries were offered to the exhibition guests. This factor among others contributed to the consolidation of the habit of eating in public places for people of different classes. The educational program of the exhibitions included educational master classes and lectures on healthy eating, foreign, including native, cuisine. It is concluded that the exhibitions were effective advertisements for new food products, the delivery of which to Europe was made possible by progress in transport and storage technologies. In a practical sense, this contributed to the development of intra-imperial trade. At the same time, the new gastronomic experience gained at the exhibitions contributed to the interpenetration of European and Eastern culinary traditions, which, to a certain extent, helped ordinary people better understand the lifestyle, customs and mentality of “the other”.

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PHJ №1 (45) 2025 — A. I. Makurin, D. M. Nechiporuk. THE TRUTH IS IN THE MIDDLE: THE EXPERIENCE OF STUDYING THE SIBERIAN EXILE BY THE SCOTTISH SCIENTIST JAMES YOUNG SIMPSON

This article examines the debate about Siberian exile among English and American travelers in the late 1880s and mid‑1890s. It shows that initially the Siberian exile did not attract much attention among Anglo-American travelers who published books about their travels in Russia. After the journey of the English missionary Henry Lansdell through Siberia in 1878, the Siberian exile became the main subject of discussion among Anglo-American travelers in the 1880s. For example, an 1885 trip to Siberia by the American journalist George Kennan and his criticism of the treatment of political prisoners paved the way for a lively debate among Englishmen about the harshness of Siberian exile. Some of them disputed Kennan’s conclusions. The main opponent was the avid traveler and writer, the British aristocrat Harry de Windt. He pointed out that since Kennan’s visit to Siberian prisons, conditions for prisoners had been improved by the Imperial authorities. Until the mid‑1890s, however, the British press largely supported Kennan’s view. News of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began to change attitudes in the West towards both Siberia and exile. An analysis of the work of the Scottish traveler and diplomat James Young Simpson (1873–1934), who visited the Siberian exile after Kennan and de Windt’s trips, shows that attitudes towards the region had begun to change after 1895; Kennan’s conclusions were no longer relevant. Simpson, impressed by the scale of the railway onstruction, believed that the transport of prisoners on foot and by water should cease. He expected prisoner conditions to improve. Simpson warned that it was wrong to generalise about prison conditions in Siberia. He pointed out that attitudes towards criminals varied according to the style of prison administration and the type of prison. After Simpson foreign travelers were more interested in the prospects of Siberia’s economic development, as well as the geopolitical position of the region in the Far East at the beginning of the 20th century.

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PHJ №1 (45) 2025 — T. V. Kudryavtseva. ABORTIONS AND ABORTIFACIENTS IN ANCIENT PRACTICE, PUBLIC OPINION AND MAGIC

The article, which is based on information from the Hippocratic Corpus, the works of Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen, Pseudo-Galen and Soranus, examines various forms of abortion used in ancient society. The most prevalent method was the utilisation of various potions and pessaries, with several case studies provided for illustration. Moreover, it is evident that ancient Greek and Roman medical practitioners were cognisant of the fact that external factors, such as injury, physical impact, or exertion, could potentially result in miscarriage and could be employed as abortifacient agents. The surgical abortion was also described in detail in their treatises, evidently for medical reasons. The article emphasises that, given the potions were the primary abortifacient, the topic of abortion acquired a magical context and subtext, because everything related to potions in antiquity was largely referred to magical practices, usually associated with women — witches and healers. A thorough examination of the sources reveals a plethora of abortive recipes and instructions that are imbued with a magical undertone. The ancient authors reported examples of dubious manipulations and exotic potions, but their accounts were more focused on folk beliefs and superstitions rather than on medical facts. They concealed the improbability and absurdity of these beliefs by referencing public opinion and the saying “it is said”, “reportedly”, and “it is known”. On occasion, these learned authors engaged in discourse with “folk medicine” and articulated reservations concerning the efficacy of the proposed remedies. However, they were unable to entirely dispel the gullibility or the hope for a miraculous outcome, instead endeavouring to systemize and partially rationalize the fantastical recipes and rituals.

PHJ № 3 (43) 2024 – O. I. Onianwa, U. B. Okpevra. A REVIEW OF BRITISH POLICY AND INFLENCE ON THE EXTERNAL MEDDLING IN THE PEACEMAKING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF THE NIGERIAN-BIAFRA WAR, 1967-1970

The Nigeria-Biafra War (1967-1970) constituted a pivotal con ict in the history of Africa, characterised by external interference. This study analyses the role of external powers, with a particular focus on Britain, in the context of peacemaking and con ict resolution in the war. This article examines the role of major powers, including Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, and their in uence on the peace settlement process. The historical narrative approach was employed to examine the subject matter in greater detail. The primary data was obtained from the British National Archives in Kew, London, and from contemporary secondary sources. The article demonstrates how these interventions in uenced the outcome of the conflict and a ected regional mediation e orts. The paper highlights that external involvement in peacemaking in an internal armed con ict has the potential to undermine the e cacy of internally-driven peace initiatives, and even impede the capacity to make meaningful strides towards conflict resolution. By analysing these historical events, this research o ers valuable insights into the complexities of international involvement in internal conflicts and their implications for peace settlement processes.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – S. L. Firsov. Reflection of the Korean War in the satirical press of the USSR (оn the example of the magazine “Krokodil” 1949–1950)

The article deals with the “ideological historу” of the first period of the Korean War of 1950–1953, which found a peculiar reflection in satirical articles and political cartoons published in the Soviet magazine “Krokodil”. The author shows the methods by which the Soviet reader was convinced that the initiator of the war was the South Korean side, led by Lee Syngman, supported by “American imperialism”.