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PHJ № 3 (47) 2025 — A. K. Salmin. THE ARAB FACTORS IN THE HISTORY OF THE SAVIRS

The history of the Savirs/Suvars, historical predecessors of the Chuvash, has seen several forced migrations of this people compelled to leave their settlements hastily. Thus, in the North Caucasian period (in 737) they lived through a scary invasion of Arab armed forces and had to move farther north. Goals of the article: to analyse sources and literature; show the drama in the life of the Savirs; get to the root cause of the Arab aggression upon the Turks; describe the stubborn resistance of the native population and the end of the warfare. Among them are the 11th century Persian literary monument “Derbent-name” by Muhammad Avabi Aktashi, and the works of Armenian and Arabic-speaking historians of the early Middle Ages. We got an insight into publications of leading orientalist historians, archeologists, ethnologists, and religion scholars. Those were works of such researchers as A. K. Alikberov, N. I. Ashmarin, O. M. & Sh. O. Davudovs, M. S. Gadzhiev, Anait Khudaverdian, A. K. Shahinyan, Peter Golden, and others. The article has traced and analyzed the advance of Arabs through Caucasus from South to North. The goal of this military campaign was to spread the religion of Islam on the conquered lands and to expand the economic influence of the Umayyads. The Arab-Khazar-Savir war in 737 brought the history of the Country of the Suvars with the capital in Varachan to a close, and people of this country were forced to move North.

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PHJ № 3 (47) 2025 — A. A. Antonov. VIRTUES OF ANCIENT GREEK PHYSICIANS ACCORDING TO HELLENISTIC EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES FROM ASIA MINOR AND THE AEGEAN ISLANDS

The article’s focus is on the dearth of research concerning the virtues of ancient Greek physicians. It is customary for researchers to ascertain the moral and ethical qualities of a physician by referring to the Hippocratic corpus. Therefore, the opinion expressed is that of a medical practitioner, as determined by the relevant physician. In contrast to medical literature, honorary decrees illustrate the socially approved qualities of physicians from the perspective of the general citizenry, rather than that of professional colleagues. The virtues enumerated in the honorary decrees bestowed upon physicians align with the principles of an ideal citizen, embodying tangible, rather than abstract, philosophical or purely professional attributes of a physician. The present paper explores the virtues of physicians in a context of the common civic virtues attributed to the euergetes of the Hellenistic era. As demonstrated in the paper, physicians were attributed the same virtues as philanthropists and politicians. Concurrently, the decrees exhibit a paucity of special professional virtues; the prevailing emphasis is on “medical art” as it is the primary virtue of a physician. Consequently, the honorary decrees illustrate the physician as a constituent of the polis collective, and the most accomplished physicians are distinguished by the same qualities as political leaders — kalokagathia, zeal, and ambition.

PHJ № 2 (46) 2025 — V. I. Bezruchenko. THE EXPULSION OF THE SERBS FROM SARAJEVO IN 1992–1995

The subject of the article is the fate of the Serb community in Sarajevo during the 1992–1995 civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The article is based on documents from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the archives of the Centre for the Study of War, War Crimes and the Search for Missing Persons in Republika Srpska, as well as documents and materials from the International Independent Commission to Investigate the Plight of Serbs in Sarajevo 1992–1995. The Serb community in Sarajevo, which has existed for centuries, became the target of terror by armed groups and the Democratic Action Party of the President of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, A. Izetbegovic. A. Izetbegovic’s regime carried out the ethnic cleansing of Sarajevo, as a result of which the pre-war Serb community virtually disappeared.

PHJ № 2 (46) 2025 — I. A. Tsverianashvili. THE ECOLOGISATION OF SWEDEN AFTER WORLD WAR II: PROBLEMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

This article examines the genesis of the ecologisation process, which began to be actively implemented in the country in the late 1940s. If the pre-war period was characterized by the absence of a unified environmental policy, an upsurge in the activity of the Swedish public and intellectuals in the country’s environmental problems and environmental issues, but after the 1940s in Sweden begins the formation of an environmental vector in the internal policy, which was supported by a high level of attention from the public and state institutions. The range of environmental problems has grown, Swedish scientists and researchers gave traditions of environmental education. Public environmental associations, movements, and unions began to appear in large quantities, the vector of national environmental policy was finally formed. The main idea of this article is considered for the first time in Russian historiography and is intended to introduce it into the range of issues in the study of Scandinavian studies. The importance and relevance of this topic is underlined by Sweden’s current role as a leader in European environmental policy.

PHJ № 3 (43) 2024 – O. I. Onianwa, U. B. Okpevra. A REVIEW OF BRITISH POLICY AND INFLENCE ON THE EXTERNAL MEDDLING IN THE PEACEMAKING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF THE NIGERIAN-BIAFRA WAR, 1967-1970

The Nigeria-Biafra War (1967-1970) constituted a pivotal con ict in the history of Africa, characterised by external interference. This study analyses the role of external powers, with a particular focus on Britain, in the context of peacemaking and con ict resolution in the war. This article examines the role of major powers, including Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, and their in uence on the peace settlement process. The historical narrative approach was employed to examine the subject matter in greater detail. The primary data was obtained from the British National Archives in Kew, London, and from contemporary secondary sources. The article demonstrates how these interventions in uenced the outcome of the conflict and a ected regional mediation e orts. The paper highlights that external involvement in peacemaking in an internal armed con ict has the potential to undermine the e cacy of internally-driven peace initiatives, and even impede the capacity to make meaningful strides towards conflict resolution. By analysing these historical events, this research o ers valuable insights into the complexities of international involvement in internal conflicts and their implications for peace settlement processes.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – S. L. Firsov. Reflection of the Korean War in the satirical press of the USSR (оn the example of the magazine “Krokodil” 1949–1950)

The article deals with the “ideological historу” of the first period of the Korean War of 1950–1953, which found a peculiar reflection in satirical articles and political cartoons published in the Soviet magazine “Krokodil”. The author shows the methods by which the Soviet reader was convinced that the initiator of the war was the South Korean side, led by Lee Syngman, supported by “American imperialism”.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – Min Kyoung-Hyoun. Korean-Soviet relations after liberation: through the prism of Soviet-Japanese war and the rise of North Korea

The Soviet-Japanese war was of decisive importance for the people of Korea and divided it into two parts. Irresolvable contradictions between the Allies in the anti-Hitler coalition will soon lead to the creation of two independent states — the DPRK and the Republic of Korea. Features and conditions of the war and post-war period, which led to the split of a single people into two parts, are analyzed in the article. The study is based on an analysis of published and unpublished sources, including materials from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – Choi Deokkyoo, I. O. Ermachenko. The Russo-Japanese War, Japanese occupation of Korea and the secret activities of L.V. von Goyer in the Far East (1904–1910)

The article is devoted to the activities of Lev Viktorovich von Goyer (1875-1939), one of the prominent employees of the so-called “Shanghai agents”, an intelligence service established in April 1904 and operating in close contact with the Russo-Chinese Bank. All aspects of his covert work during the Russo-Japanese War and in the coming years after its end are comprehensively characterized.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – B. B. Pak. On the issue of diplomatic negotiations on the eve of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–1905

This article highlights the course of Russian-Japanese negotiations in 1903–1904, analyzes the positions of the parties, examines the reasons for the intransigence of the Japanese side in the negotiations on the conclusion of a new agreement, studied the reaction in the ruling spheres of Russia to the amendments of the Japanese government to the Russian text of the agreement, the nature of Russian-Korean relations on the eve of the Russian-Japanese war. The author focuses on Japan’s responsibility for starting the war, showing Japan’s aggressive policy in Korea.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – L. Sadova. The abolition of the “Customs Convention” (Mellomrikslov) in 1895: the perception of contemporaries and the impact on the Swedish-Norwegian union

The article examines the question of the degree of influence of the abolition of the “Customs Convention” in 1895 on Swedish-Norwegian relations, as well as the degree of involvement of economic issues in the political struggle between the two countries. The main objective of the study is to try to answer the question — whether the termination of the convention was a political action or had economic expediency.