Universal history

Home page » Journal sections » Universal history » Page 3

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – L. A. Sadova. RUSSIA AND NORWAY: FEATURES OF BILATERAL RELATIONS IN 1891–1905

Russian-Norwegian relations at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries are usually considered separately from Russian-Swedish relations in the same period. This was due to the peculiarities of the legal formalization of the Swedish-Norwegian union in 1814, according to which Norway received significant independence in the management of domestic policy. Based on diplomatic documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, the author raises the question of the specifics of bilateral relations between Russia and Norway. Archival documents indicate the multilevel nature of the interaction between Norway and Russia. From the point of view of diplomatic practice, Norway was perceived in the Russian Foreign Ministry as an inseparable part of Sweden, with which interaction at the official level was carried out through Swedish state institution. On the other hand, direct Russian-Norwegian trade cooperation, including between the border northern suburbs of the two states, as well as Russia’s geopolitical interests in the region, required resolving issues precisely within the framework of direct Russian-Norwegian relations.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – I. M. Nokhrin. COLONIAL NATIONALISM IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA IN 1830S

The article is devoted to revealing the role of nationalism in the socio-political crisis in Canadas in the 1830s and the subsequent uprisings of 1837–1838. The author argues that this was the time when colonial politicians and intellectuals began to abandon their British nationalism, which was very characteristic of them before and began to develop the idea of a Canadian nation actively. Unsuccessful attempts to achieve the same rights and privileges that the inhabitants of Britain had convinced the colonists that there was no equality between the subjects of the king in the Old and New Worlds. Therefore, without equal rights, Canadians could no longer consider themselves British. Moreover, the whole system of the colonial government, its legitimacy, and, in the end, their loyalty to the king, were called into question. Moreover, the ideas about Canadians as a nation in Upper and Lower Canada were quite similar and, which is especially noteworthy, were, in fact, civil, not ethnic. But the most important thing was that if the Canadians were not British, then it logically followed that they lived under the rule of foreigners, as the compilers of ninety-two resolutions put it, their land was ruled by a foreign power with a priori different interests, goals, motives than Canadians. And this, in the era of the triumphant march of nationalism across the Western world, was considered a problem of a much larger scale than the struggle for office or reform. This state of affairs was perceived as completely wrong, unfair, and intolerable. And it could not continue indefinitely. Once this idea had won the minds of patriots and reformers, their further radicalization, a complete break with British nationalism, and a confrontation with the empire were inevitable.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – V. S. Stefanenko. ANNE OF FRANCE, MADAME DE BEAUJEU: POLITICIAN AND DIPLOMAT

The article examines women’s political and diplomatic activity in France at the end of the 15th century, with a particular focus on the actions of Anne of France, Madame de Beaujeu. A review of theregent’s correspondence reveals that Anne was able to reinforce France’s position, maintain the territorial gains of Louis XI, and expand the kingdom through matrimonial diplomacy. She accomplished this through an extensive network of informants, clients, and her own ambitions. In the context of the Renaissance, Anne of France endeavoured to establish her own teachings and political theory, integrating traditional perspectives on women in power with the emerging realities of her era. This period witnessed a growing influence of noble ladies on political decision-making, a phenomenon that Anna of France sought to navigate.

PHJ № 3 (43) 2024 – O. I. Onianwa, U. B. Okpevra. A REVIEW OF BRITISH POLICY AND INFLENCE ON THE EXTERNAL MEDDLING IN THE PEACEMAKING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF THE NIGERIAN-BIAFRA WAR, 1967-1970

The Nigeria-Biafra War (1967-1970) constituted a pivotal con ict in the history of Africa, characterised by external interference. This study analyses the role of external powers, with a particular focus on Britain, in the context of peacemaking and con ict resolution in the war. This article examines the role of major powers, including Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union, and their in uence on the peace settlement process. The historical narrative approach was employed to examine the subject matter in greater detail. The primary data was obtained from the British National Archives in Kew, London, and from contemporary secondary sources. The article demonstrates how these interventions in uenced the outcome of the conflict and a ected regional mediation e orts. The paper highlights that external involvement in peacemaking in an internal armed con ict has the potential to undermine the e cacy of internally-driven peace initiatives, and even impede the capacity to make meaningful strides towards conflict resolution. By analysing these historical events, this research o ers valuable insights into the complexities of international involvement in internal conflicts and their implications for peace settlement processes.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – S. L. Firsov. Reflection of the Korean War in the satirical press of the USSR (оn the example of the magazine “Krokodil” 1949–1950)

The article deals with the “ideological historу” of the first period of the Korean War of 1950–1953, which found a peculiar reflection in satirical articles and political cartoons published in the Soviet magazine “Krokodil”. The author shows the methods by which the Soviet reader was convinced that the initiator of the war was the South Korean side, led by Lee Syngman, supported by “American imperialism”.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – Min Kyoung-Hyoun. Korean-Soviet relations after liberation: through the prism of Soviet-Japanese war and the rise of North Korea

The Soviet-Japanese war was of decisive importance for the people of Korea and divided it into two parts. Irresolvable contradictions between the Allies in the anti-Hitler coalition will soon lead to the creation of two independent states — the DPRK and the Republic of Korea. Features and conditions of the war and post-war period, which led to the split of a single people into two parts, are analyzed in the article. The study is based on an analysis of published and unpublished sources, including materials from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – Choi Deokkyoo, I. O. Ermachenko. The Russo-Japanese War, Japanese occupation of Korea and the secret activities of L.V. von Goyer in the Far East (1904–1910)

The article is devoted to the activities of Lev Viktorovich von Goyer (1875-1939), one of the prominent employees of the so-called “Shanghai agents”, an intelligence service established in April 1904 and operating in close contact with the Russo-Chinese Bank. All aspects of his covert work during the Russo-Japanese War and in the coming years after its end are comprehensively characterized.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – B. B. Pak. On the issue of diplomatic negotiations on the eve of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–1905

This article highlights the course of Russian-Japanese negotiations in 1903–1904, analyzes the positions of the parties, examines the reasons for the intransigence of the Japanese side in the negotiations on the conclusion of a new agreement, studied the reaction in the ruling spheres of Russia to the amendments of the Japanese government to the Russian text of the agreement, the nature of Russian-Korean relations on the eve of the Russian-Japanese war. The author focuses on Japan’s responsibility for starting the war, showing Japan’s aggressive policy in Korea.

PHJ № 1 (37) 2023 – L. Sadova. The abolition of the “Customs Convention” (Mellomrikslov) in 1895: the perception of contemporaries and the impact on the Swedish-Norwegian union

The article examines the question of the degree of influence of the abolition of the “Customs Convention” in 1895 on Swedish-Norwegian relations, as well as the degree of involvement of economic issues in the political struggle between the two countries. The main objective of the study is to try to answer the question — whether the termination of the convention was a political action or had economic expediency.

PHJ No 4 (36) 2022 – K.Khudoley. The International Communist Movement in search of a new strategy in 1953–1956

The article deals with the first attempts of the CPSU’s leadership to modify the strategy of the international communist movement after the death of Stalin. Mindful that the old policy had reached a dead end, Moscow, nevertheless, tried to get away by only minor measures. This led to frustration both on the part of adherents of the Stalinist course and supporters of more significant changes, giving rise to ideological and political differentiation and disintegration within the international communist movement.