PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — Table of contents
Contents of the issue of Petersburg Historical Journal № 1 (33) 2022
Petersburg Historical Journal № 1 (33) 2022
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — A. P. Pavlov. THE LAND OWNERSHIP OF THE GODUNOV’S FAMILY IN THE KOSTROMA UEZD
The article is devoted to the study of the history of the family lands of the Godunovs in the Kostroma uezd. The article based on the involvement of a wide and varied range of sources, most of which have not been published (data from the cadastres, the Gifts book and the Synodikon of the Kostroma Ipatiev Monastery, the acts, the genealogical books, etc.). The article studies the composition and territorial distribution of the Godunovs’ land holdings in the Kostroma uezd. The article also examines the evolution of their land ownership in the Kostroma uezd during the 16th — 17th centuries. The author shows that in the last quarter of the 16th — early 17th centuries the Godunovs are large landowners in the Kostroma uezd. At the same time, the land holdings in the Kostroma uezd belonged to representatives of different branches of the Godunov family, which can serve as an important indicator of their clan cohesion. The Godunovs were able not only to preserve their old family lands in the Kostroma uezd in the 16th century, but also to acquire new land holdings here as a result of tsar grants and land purchases. The author shows that the the Time of Troubles caused serious damage in the lands of the Godunovʼs family. During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the Godunovʼs old family lands were returned to the family, but those were only minor remnants of their former land ownership of the 16th century. Throughout the 17th century, due to the loss of political influence and the reduction in the number of their representatives, the Godunovs are gradually losing the remnants of their land holdings in the Kostroma uezd. Their lands became part of the palace lands, monasteries and other clans.
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — A. G. Gumenyuk. LAND SURVEYING METHODS IN THE MANUSCRIPT OF THE 17TH CENTURY
The article discusses a textbook by geometry and surveying compiled at the end of the 17th century (OR RNB. F. 550 (OSRK). F. IX. No. 47). The compilers of the manuscript used textbooks of arithmetic, books of the soshny writing, and treatises of German and Austrian astronomers. It is shown that goniometric instruments, known in architecture and navigation fields, were not used in land surveying. The scribes did not have a method for accurately calculating the area of land plots.
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — D. N. Rybin. A. F. KONI VS. N. V. LOGANOV: THE LEGAL ASPECT OF THE STRUGGLE AGAINST UNIATISM IN THE WESTERN PROVINCES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
The history of the spread of the Orthodox faith and the Russification carried out by the Russian state in the 19th century have been studied and disclosed in hundreds of scientific works (in our study, we note only modern works). The topic, however, is so great that researchers discover new aspects of the state’s religious and ethnic policy. One of these aspects was the use of the justice authorities to implement general imperial norms in the life of non-Russian communities. Revealing this topic on the example of the confrontation between two judicial figures — the chairman of the congress of justices of the peace (N. V. Loganov) and the chief prosecutor of the Senate (A. F. Koni), we have identified two approaches to Russification. One (Loganov) assumed the active use of administrative authorities, coercion, and the justice authorities were seen as a punitive body helping the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Others (Koni) believed that freedom of conscience is above all, and the introduction of Orthodoxy and Russification should take place through persuasion, propaganda, and a positive example. Obviously, Koni’s path was more advantageous and preferable. But where could so many competent officials be found to maintain such a road? The general composition of Russian officials was distinguished by an average level of training, and their chiefs — generals or right-wing monarchists — preferred to go ahead. The officials of the western provinces of the empire, liquidating the union and squeezing out the Polish language, “broke a lot of firewood”, embittered the population, and formed a staunch opposition among the population. Appealing police actions in court, the filed-nye faced with collusion of justice and internal affairs bodies. The situation changed when the appealed sentences reached the Senate. At the end of the 19th century, such sentences were constantly “broken” when they found themselves in the Criminal Cassation Department of the Senate, where they were not allowed to go by Chief Prosecutor Koni. The position of the Senate undermined the assertive policy of the administrative bodies of government of the provinces. The fight against Uniatism gave rise to many problems, confused the legal situation, and put thousands of people in a stricken position. After 1905, the gradual introduction of the principle of freedom of conscience into legislation and the life of Western Russian society began. Half of the former Polish Uniates left Orthodoxy and converted to Catholicism.
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — O. A. Kirikova. PETERSBURG ACADEMY OF SCIENCES’ OPINION ON THE EDUCATION OF A YOUNG MAN OF NOBLE BIRTH IN 1730S
The members of Petersburg Academy of Sciences played part in developing the ideal and practices of noble education in Russia during 1730s. At the time the Academy was meant to be both a scientific and educational center, that is why its professors used to deliver lectures, prepare textbooks, give private lessons, draw educational projects, etc. The most remarkable person among them was inspector of the Academy’s Gymnasium prof. T. S. Bayer. Being among his personal papers, an anonymous manuscript relating to the education of a noble boy who was going to be successful in his civil state, provides new information about the Academy tutors and their participation in aristocratic education.
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — M. H. Zakirova. THE TURKMEN OF THE AMU DARYA REGION IN THE STUDIES OF RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
Turkestan section of the Russian Geographical Society (TO RGS, 1897) at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries had a significant impact on the formation of historical science and ethnography in the Central Asian region. The main purpose of the study is to show the role of the Russian Geographical Society in collecting and processing ethnographic information about the Turkmens inhabiting the territory of Turkestan. The author sets a task to review the reports of M. V. Grulev and H. V. Gelman received during geographical expeditions on the Amu Darya, voiced to the Board of the Russian Geographical Society and published in the News of the Russian Geographical Society for 1900. The author concludes that the received information was necessary for carrying out the consecutive economic and resettlement policy of the Russian government in Central Asia. In particular, to settle the issue of relations of Turkmen tribes with Khiva khan, to solve the problem of land and water use, as well as to study the Amu Darya River for the development of navigation and, if possible, safety for merchant ships.
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — T. V. Andreeva. IN THE SERVICE OF RUSSIA: STATESMEN OF SWEDISH-FINNISH ORIGIN IN THE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
The article examines the political and official biographies of dignitaries — immigrants from Finland, who were in the 19th — early 20th centuries members of the State Council, studied the factors of their career growth in the structure of administrative institutions of the Russian Empire, identified the main principles of the personnel policy of the imperial government in the context of the highest Finnish bureaucracy, determined the socio-political rationale for its service in Russia. It has been demonstrated that the appointment of representatives of the highest bureaucracy of Finland in different periods of Russian history as members of the State Council, heads of the most important Russian ministries, was determined by both objective political processes associated with a special Finnish imperial policy and subjective preferences and personal relationships of representatives of the reigning dynasty.
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — P. Krafl. MEDIEVAL CATHOLIC ECCLESIASTICAL JUSTICE AS ILLUSTRATED BY CZECH DIOCESES IN THE PRE-HUSSITE PERIOD
The Catholic Church created an extensive system of law, which regulated various aspects of its activities and operation and the Church’s relationship to secular powers (canon law). The endeavour to enforce the observance of ecclesiastical laws and punish their violation led to the establishment of a judicial system. This study looks at the formation and nature of ecclesiastical justice within the territory of the Bohemian Lands: in Bohemia and Moravia. The Prague ecclesiastical province was situated within their territory, comprising the dioceses of Prague, Olomouc and Litomyšl. During the High Middle Ages, archdeacons ran archdeaconries, which were districts within a diocese. They had particular jurisdiction in areas of matrimonial law and matters of usury. Their importance declined in the 14th century. From the mid‑13th century, the dioceses formed central judicial bodies. It was at this time that the office of Official was created within the Diocese of Olomouc. The same office had been created within the Diocese of Prague by the end of that century. Additionally, the Vicar general (vicarius in spiritualibus) also had jurisdiction in the Diocese of Prague, and the specific office of Corrector was also established. Appeals from the metropolitan court were made to the Roman Rota Apostolic Court. Papal judges, so-called Conservators of laws, operated within diocese territories, ensuring the protection of ecclesiastical institutions (monasteries, chapters, churches, universities) from their enemies through court processes. Episcopal inquisition was replaced by papal inquisition, with the Holy See appointing an inquisitor, who acted within a diocese. Within Bohemia, a procedural guide was produced by Mikuláš Puchník. Bohemian reformist theologians in the early 15th century criticised the system of ecclesiastical justice, in particular its corruption and the fact that its judges were not impartial. Hussite theologians rejected the theory of evidence within the canonical process. Eventually, Jan Hus declared that the Law of God was the primary law, overriding all legislation, including ecclesiastical laws. This led to his rejection of ecclesiastical justice, appealing to Christ from the papal court where he was put on trial.
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — A. V. Zorin. DOCUMENTS OF THE 17TH–19TH CENTURIES FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE RYLSK MUSEUM
The article is devoted to the documents of the 17th–19th centuries, kept in the collection of the Rylsk Museum of Local Lore. The collection includes a part of the family archive of the Polish noble families Tarnowski and Ustrzycki, as well as documents from the archives of the Sofroniev Molchensky Monastery. Among them are autographs of famous political and military leaders of both the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia (Jan II Kazimierz, Stanisław August Poniatowski, Jan Klemens Branicki, Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Catherine II, etc.). Of particular interest is a handwritten fragment of an article by the founder of the Rylsk Museum, S. K. Repina, containing an exposition of the memoirs of Countess Urszula Tarnowska (“Xięnga czasu”).
PHJ № 1 (33) 2022 — D. I. Raskin. FROM THE HISTORY OF ONE UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO LEAD THE RUSSIAN PRESS
Published documents contain information on the history of the Press Committee. The creation of this committee was an unsuccessful attempt by Alexander II to direct public opinion by influencing the press. The establishment of the Press Committee was considered in the Council of Ministers (1858). It was a personal initiative of the emperor. The staff of the committee (N. A. Mukhanov, A. V. Adlerberg and A. E. Timashev) was extremely unsuccessful. The inclusion in the committee A. V. Nikitenko helped little. The statute of the committee, created by members of the Press Committee, testified to the “bureaucratic amateurism” of the authors. An attempt by the government to lead the Russian press was doomed to failure. The Press Committee ceased to exist in 1859.