Petersburg Historical Journal № 4 (44) 2024

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Petersburg Historical Journal №4 (44) 2024

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PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 — D. M. Kotyshev. SOME COMMENTS ABOUT THE TIME OF BIRTH OF PRINCE IZYASLAV VLADIMIROVICH

The article focuses on the understudied elements of inter-princely relations during the latter half of the 11th century. In examining the circumstances surrounding the baptism of Vladimir Monomakh’s second son Izyaslav, the author seeks to present a coherent account of the developments in the relationship between Vsevolodovich and Svyatoslavich during the chronological period of 1077–1078. The relevance of this issue is underscored by the fact that it was at this time that the conflict over Chernihiv was emerging and the foundations of the conflictual relations between the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh and Oleg Svyatoslavich were being established — those relations that would determine the political agenda of the South Russian lands during the 12th — first half of the 13th centuries. It is proposed that Izyaslav Vladimirovich was baptised during 1077, during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh of Smolensk, before his transfer to the Chernihiv throne. Oleg Svyatoslavich was the godfather at the ceremony.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – A. V. Maiorov. “…THEY DID GREAT HARM TO PEOPLE”: BESERMENS, TITYAM KUTLUBIY AND THE UPRISING OF 1262

In order to administer the territories that had been conquered, the Mongols opted to employ administrators from other countries and regions, rather than utilising local personnel. These administrators were expected to demonstrate loyalty to the new rulers. It was not uncommon for prominent international merchants, designated as ortogh, to assume the role of Mongol administrators and tax collectors. The surviving sources, originating from different cultural and linguistic environments and available to us both in the original and in translations into modern languages, as well as the latest scientific data on the main institutions and methods of governance used by the Mongols during the period of the unified empire, allow us to redefine the ethnic composition and nature of the activities of the Mongol authorities’ main representatives in the Rus’ lands in the mid‑13th century. At this time, the Khwarazm Turks, who had accepted Islam, played a significant role in the governance of the Rus’ lands. This included the representative of the imperial administration, Tityam Kutlubiy (Kutlu Bek), as well as tax farmers who operated in North-Eastern Rus’.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – G. A. Grebenshchikova. EMPEROR PAVEL: ON THE ISSUE OF FORMING VIEWS AND ASCENSION TO THE THRONE. TO THE 270TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH (1754–1801)

The article employs new sources and rare literature to examine significant events in the Russian Empire during the final year of Catherine II’s reign and the subsequent transfer of power to Emperor Paul. The article presents the views of renowned historians on the personality of Paul, the factors that shaped his worldview as the highest authority in the state, and his subsequent actions. The article underscores the significance of Catherine II’s associates for the new emperor during the inaugural phase of his tenure on the throne. Additionally, it highlights the role of France and Sweden in influencing Russia’s foreign policy trajectory towards the end of the 18th century.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – P. V. Sedov. TO ONE OF PUSHKIN’S PLANS FOR “THE HISTORY OF PETER I”

In the preparatory materials for writing The History of Peter the Great, A. S. Pushkin outlined one of the cross-cutting themes of his future work, namely the bribery of officials and their violation of the law. This topic was of great relevance in Pushkin’s time. Having identified “greedy clerks” as the initial focus of his analysis of the Muscovite kingdom, Pushkin drew upon the work of I. I. Golikov’s account to Peter I detailed the instances of bribery and embezzlement that were prevalent at the time, as well as the efforts made by Peter to combat these practices. From this, we can infer that, in Pushkin’s view, the despotic nature of the autocratic tsar’s reforms was not primarily a reflection of his character, but rather a consequence of the historical and socio-political conditions that shaped Russian life over centuries. From this perspective on Russian autocracy and national history, it is evident that Pushkin was a pioneer in his understanding of these issues.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – A. S. Mayorova. M. M. SPERANSKY AND THE ZLOBIN FAMILY FROM THE TOWN OF VOLSK IN SARATOV PROVINCE

This article examines the relationship between M. M. Speransky and the family of the wealthy tax farmer V. A. Zlobin. Historians who have studied Speransky’s biography, as well as scholars from Saratov who have written about the Zlobin family, have observed the existence of a familial connection between this family and the statesman. Konstantin, the son of the tax farmer, was married to Marianna Stevens, the sister of Speransky’s wife. His rapid ascent within the upper echelons of state institutions and the conferral upon him of a rank that bestowed upon him the right to nobility gave rise to rumours in St. Petersburg concerning Speransky’s patronage of the Zlobin family. The documentary evidence pertaining to Konstantin Zlobin’s career corroborates the assertion that he was promoted on three occasions within a three-year period and subsequently married. His marriage to Marianna was unsuccessful, resulting in his departure from St. Petersburg for Volsk and subsequent resignation from his post. Later he entered into a second marriage. This would suggest that Konstantin had managed to obtain an official divorce from his first wife, who was still alive at the time. The Zlobins did not terminate their relationship with Speransky during his exile from St. Petersburg. The family experienced a decline in financial status following the War of 1812, with both V. A. Zlobin and his son passing away. However, Konstantin had children from his second marriage. His son, Konstantin Konstantinovich, obtained a university degree in St. Petersburg, served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and subsequently in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He attained the rank of Privy Councilor and concurrently assumed the roles of head of the State Archive and the Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg. It seems plausible to suggest that Konstantin Konstantinovich’s successful career was facilitated by Speransky’s connections with the ministers under whom Zlobin served.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – M. V. Loskutova, D. N. Kopelev. THE RUSSIAN STATE ADMINISTRATION AND THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHY IN THE 1840S

This paper presents an examination of the history of the early thematic maps of European Russia that appeared during the period spanning the 1840s to the early 1850s. The paper demonstrates the connection between the “Industrial Map of European Russia” (1842) and the renowned geological expedition led by R. I. Murchison, E. de Verneuil and A. Keyserling. Furthermore, it corroborates the contribution of Nikolai Miliutin to the “Economic-Statistical Atlas of European Russia” (1851). The authors highlight the emergence of a number of intellectual hubs within various Russian ministries that facilitated the advancement of statistical research and map-making initiatives. The authors examine the numerous informal connections among the officials who belonged to these intellectual centres and discuss the impact of these cartographic projects on the spatial reconceptualisation of the Russian Empire.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – V. A. Veremenko, Ju. V. Sutula. CONQUERING THE CHILDREN’S WORLD: FOREIGN “MILK” FORMULAS AND METROPOLITAN CONSUMERS IN RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

The article, based on a wide range of sources, characterizes the Russian market of artificial feeding products in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Attention is drawn to the fact that the main consumers of these products were representatives of two extremely different categories of children (the poorest and the most affluent). This circumstance contributed to the capture of the domestic market by foreign manufacturers. Only specialists of children’s institutions could prepare the milk formulas proposed by European inventors on their own, in accordance with an extremely complex recipe, and the expensive instant “patent product” was affordable only for wealthy families. It was the latter category of consumers that was targeted by a large-scale advertising campaign, conducted by foreign companies, promising mothers a full guarantee of baby food quality and the incredible ease of its home preparation. Responsible parents, not believing in the quality of either the dairy products sold in the capital or domestic mixtures, preferred to pay huge amounts of money for diluted starch or crushed crackers.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – O. P. Ilyukha. ¡NO PASARÁN! METHODS OF INTRODUCING IMAGES AND SYMBOLS OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR INTO THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF SOVIET CHILDREN

The article elucidates the forms and methods of utilising the theme of the Spanish Civil War in the educational curriculum for schoolchildren, as developed by Soviet teachers and officially recommended. The article’s primary focus is on the channels and means of information penetration into children’s everyday lives, as well as the methods and techniques of its incorporation into the organisation of collective and individual leisure time. The collection of funds by adults to support the anti-fascist resistance, the exchange of symbolic items, regulated correspondence and other activities fostered a sense of involvement in the events in Spain, situating Soviet children on a par with Spanish teenagers who fought on the side of the Republicans. The content of the information flow transmitted by radio, film and photo documentaries, and numerous fiction publications was complemented by social, physical and intellectual activities. The creation of artistic images and various types of theatrical activities provided children with the opportunity to experiment with new behavioural models and to gain a deeper understanding of the situation in a distant country, enabling them to engage with it on a personal level. The direction of the creative initiative of schoolchildren was influenced by the strengthening of abilities to invent and inventiveness, which in turn reinforced the impact of propaganda and educational work. It is demonstrated that Spanish themes were extensively employed in the militarypatriotic education and political socialisation of schoolchildren. The impact of the “children’s segment” of the information campaign was a highly emotional response from children that surpassed expectations. The author concludes that the pervasive presence of the Pyrenees Civil War theme in the everyday lives of Soviet children contributed to the consolidation of signs, symbols and images of Spain in cultural memory and its intergenerational continuity.

PHJ № 4 (44) 2024 – T. K. Nikolskaya. SPIRITUAL EDUCATION IN THE DENOMINATIONS OF RUSSIAN PROTESTANTISM (SOVIET PERIOD)

This article examines the development of spiritual education for ministers within the various denominations of Russian Protestantism, including Evangelical Christians, Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists and Pentecostals. The author illustrates that during the pre-revolutionary period and the initial years of Soviet rule, Russian Protestants pursued their studies in foreign countries, either independently or at the behest of their communities. Furthermore, following 1905, they were permitted to establish spiritual educational institutions within the country. The author asserts that the most prevalent format for ministerial spiritual education has evolved into short-term courses orchestrated by central and regional Protestant associations. Despite the existence of significant denominational differences, the curricula of these courses exhibited notable similarities, with a focus on biblical studies, the fundamentals of spiritual disciplines, and, on occasion, general education subjects. By the end of the 1920s, all Protestant courses had been terminated. Since 1956, Evangelical Christian Baptists (the largest Protestant denomination in the USSR), and subsequently Seventh-Day Adventists, have intermittently been permitted to dispatch cohorts of young ministers abroad for spiritual education. An additional avenue for spiritual education was the provision of correspondence Bible courses for Evangelical Christian Baptists and analogous courses for Seventh-Day Adventists. Pentecostals did not possess their own spiritual schools; however, a limited number of places were allocated for them within the Evangelical Christian Baptist courses. Consequently, until recently, the various denominations of Russian Protestantism lacked the benefit of a permanent spiritual school. In both the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, the sole form of spiritual education available was that of short-term or correspondence courses. The establishment of Protestant seminaries in the USSR was a phenomenon that emerged during the period ofperestroika. However, these institutions only began to emerge in the post-Soviet period.